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Ci (poetry)
''Ci'' (''tzu''; , and, interchangeably –– to a point –– with 辭/辞) are a poetic form, a type of lyric poetry, done in the tradition of Classical Chinese poetry. ''Ci'' use a set of poetic meters derived from a base set of certain patterns, in fixed-rhythm, fixed-tone, and variable line-length formal types, or model examples: the rhythmic and tonal pattern of the ''ci'' are based upon certain, definitive musical song tunes. They are also known as ''Changduanju'' (長短句/长短句, "lines of irregular lengths") and ''Shiyu'' (詩餘/诗馀, "that which is beside poetry").
Typically the number of characters in each line and the arrangement of tones were determined by one of around 800 set patterns, each associated with a particular title, called ''cípái'' 詞牌. Originally they were written to be sung to a tune of that title, with set rhythm, rhyme, and tempo. Therefore, the title may have nothing to do with its contents, and it is common for several ''ci'' to share the same title, having little or nothing to do with the topics of those poems, but rather refers to their shared rhythmic and tonal patterns. Some ''ci'' would have a "subtitle" (or a commentary, sometimes as long as a paragraph) indicating the contents. Sometimes, for the sake of clarity, a ''ci'' is listed under its title plus its first line.
''Ci'' most often express feelings of desire, often in an adopted persona, but the greatest exponents of the form (such as Li Houzhu and Su Shi) used it to address a wide range of topics.
==History==
Although the oldest surviving textual examples of surviving ''ci'' are from 8th century CE Dunhuang manuscripts,〔Frankel, 216〕 beginning in the poetry of the Liang Dynasty, the ''ci'' followed the tradition of the ''Shi Jing'' and the ''yuefu'': they were lyrics which developed from anonymous popular songs into a sophisticated literary genre; although in the case of the of ''ci'' form some of its fixed-rhythm patterns have an origin in Central Asia. The form was further developed in the Tang Dynasty. Although the contributions of Li Bo (also known as Li Po, 701 – 762) are fraught with historical doubt, certainly the Tang poet Wen Tingyun (812-870) was a great master of the ''ci'', writing it in its distinct and mature form.〔Davis, lxvii〕 One of the more notable practitioners and developers of this form was Li Yu of the Southern Tang Dynasty during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. However, the ''ci'' form of Classical Chinese poetry is especially associated with the poetry of the Song Dynasty, during which it was indeed a popular poetic form. A revival of the ''ci'' poetry form occurred during the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty which was characterized by an exploration of the emotions connected with romantic love together with its valorization, often in a context of a brief poetic story narrative within a ''ci'' poem or a linked group of ''ci'' poems in an application of the ''chuanqi'' form of short story tales to poetry.〔Zhang, 76-80〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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